The terms language, langue, and parole are often used interchangeably, but they have distinct meanings in linguistics.
- Language refers to the general system of communication that is used by a particular community. It includes the vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation of that language.
- Langue refers to the underlying system of rules that govern a particular language. It is the abstract system of language that is shared by all speakers of that language.
- Parole (language behavior): refers to the actual use of language in speech or writing. It is the concrete realization of langue in individual utterances.
In other words, langue is the system of language, while parole is the use of that system.
The terms langue and parole were first introduced by the Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure in his book Course in General Linguistics (1916). Saussure argued that langue is the more important of the two, as it is the underlying system that makes parole possible.
Parole, on the other hand, is the more variable of the two, as it is subject to the individual speaker's creativity and context.
Here is an example of the difference between language, langue, and parole:
- The English language has a vocabulary of over 100,000 words. This is the language.
- The langue of English is the system of rules that govern how those words are used. This includes the grammar, pronunciation, and semantics of English.
- The parole of English is the actual use of English in speech or writing. This includes the individual utterances that people make, as well as the way that they use language in different contexts.
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